@misc{e26e54149a4744769e3f86dcaeb2ed88,
title = "AI adoption by firms in Luxembourg and neighbouring countries: Which firms adopt AI, when and for what.",
abstract = "Policymakers lack reliable measures of which European firms actually use artificial intelligence (AI). Most existing indicators capture only potential AI exposure based on industry composition or have only very specific samples of large firms or firms in specific sectors. This policy brief presents new evidence from over 3 million firm websites in Belgium, France, Germany, and Luxembourg between 2016 and 2024. AI adoption has grown twelvefold, reaching 12\% of firms, with Luxembourg leading at 23\%. However, roughly 9 percentage points of Luxembourg{\textquoteright}s advantage stem from its large financial sector—its sector-adjusted rate of 14.3\% is comparable to Germany{\textquoteright}s 14.8\%. Across all countries, workforce skills are the strongest predictor of AI adoption, with particularly large potential relevance for sectors where such skills are less prevalent. Closing the skills gap—particularly for SMEs in non-tech industries—is key to broadening AI adoption across Europe.",
keywords = "AI, firms, Luxembourg, Belgium, France, germany, Artificial intelligence",
author = "Julio Garbers and Christina Gathmann and Terry Gregory",
year = "2026",
month = mar,
day = "10",
language = "English",
series = "Policy Brief",
publisher = "LISER",
number = "2026-03",
address = "Luxembourg",
type = "Other",
}