Doubly-constrained rebalancing for one-way electric carsharing systems with capacitated charging stations.

Carsharing services have been shown to be effective in reducing numbers of cars on the road ([1]). They have further incorporated electric vehicle (EV) fleets in some cities to be more sustainable.
For example, car2go owns a fleet of 1400 EVs in Stuttgart, Madrid, and Amsterdam. Other companies like GM’s Maven and Chevy Bolt EVs are available in cities like Los Angeles ([2]). However, EV carsharing is a risky investment that adds operational constraints from the EV requirement ([3]).The underlying problem is that one-way carsharing systems require some degree of rebalancing to be effective in meeting demand, depending on the service area covered and demand patterns. This operational constraint is further exacerbated in EV systems that have an additional requirement to rebalance vehicles for charging. Such systems are doubly-constrained: there is demand for vehicle service and demand for electric charging that both exhibit spatial-temporal imbalances. [...]