Do non-EU immigrants exhibit different patterns of participation in voluntary associations to those of natives and EU immigrants?

The paper analyses the level of participation in voluntary associations (measured by levels of joining and volunteering) of third-country nationals (TCN) in Luxembourg. We compare two groups of TCN (Cape Verdeans, and ex-Yugoslavians) with native residents and selected groups of EU immigrants. We use propensity score matching to estimate intergroup differences, while accounting for selection bias. The largest differences are found between TCN and their native Luxembourg counterparts. Specifically, TCN on average engage less in associations compared with native-born residents. These variations are greatest regarding membership of and volunteering in expressive associations. A similar situation is uncovered when comparing TCN with French immigrants. No substantial differences are observed between TCN and immigrants of Portuguese origin.